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A. a man who is dying of hungry staggered to a farmer’s house. The farmer gave him a steamed bun and some water, and then the dying man survived. Thereafter, the dying man found that the farmer is as poor as a church mouse. He was moved with tears in his eyes, and got down on his kneels for a long time to express gratitude. In the rest of his life, he keeps helping other in need.

B. a man who is dying of hungry staggered to a farmer’s house. The farmer gave him a steamed bun and some water, and then the dying man survived. However, the man found that the farmer is so rich and have lots of delicious food in the living room. Instead of expressing gratitude, he felt angry since he think he was treated badly. Thereafter, he grabed a knife and killed the farmer.

Thought1: Why the same action gets different results? —— see what you get, you will be graceful; see what you donot get, you will remember the animosity.

Thought2: To be graceful or angry, is always determined by how you do, not what you do. Essentially, the dying man should express his gratitude, in both circumstance A and B. However, only a rational man can do this in reality.

Thought3: Apart from being graceful or angry, does there a third status of mentality?

Two

A. a man who is dying of hungry staggered to a farmer’s house. The farmer gave him a steamed bun and some water, and then the dying man survived. Later, the people found the saved man is a corrupted official wanted by law. So many people hate the farmer, because he help the bad guy.

B. a man who is dying of hungry staggered to a farmer’s house. The farmer gave him a steamed bun and some water, and then the dying man survived. Later, the people found the saved man is very kind and help a lot of poor people. So, everybody praise the farmer for his great kindness.

Thought1: if we show charity to people according to who he is, not who is in need, everybody will have his own standards. Soon after, nobody wants to do charity. If we show charity to the wrong guy, we will be punished.

Thought2: If the people praise the farmer in both cases, the world will be full of love. Otherwise, we will be surrounded by cautions and snobbishness.

Three

A. a man who is dying of hungry staggered to a farmer’s house. This farmer pointed to another farmer’s home and said : “look, that family used to give you the food, come to them please”. When the starving man staggered to that farmers home and begged for food, the farmer said regretfully that “we donot have food for you”. Later, everybody in the town criticize the farmer used to help the starving man, but not one criticizing the first farmer.

B. a man who is dying of hungry staggered to a farmer’s house. This farmer pointed to another farmer’s home and said : “look, that family used to give you the food, come to them please”. When the starving man staggered to that farmers home and begged for food, the farmer said this time that “we only have half a steamed bun for you”. Later, everybody in the town laughed at the farmer for his parsimony.

Thought1: For a man used to be full of love in his heart, people always get a higher expectation for him.

Thought2: For a man who is selfish, since we get a low expectation for home, we will not be disappointed.

Thought3: This kind of expectation always expels one’s charity.

Four

A: a man who is dying of hungry staggered to a farmer’s house. The farmer gave him a steamed bun and some water, and then the dying man survived. Thereafter, the dying man found that the farmer is as poor as a church mouse. He was moved with tears in his eyes, and got down on his kneels for a long time to express gratitude. In the rest of his life, he keeps helping other in need. In addition, he support every decision made by the farmer no matter it is right or wrong. This make the farmer arrogant and then bankrupt because of making a wrong decision.

B: a man who is dying of hungry staggered to a farmer’s house. The farmer gave him a steamed bun and some water, and then the dying man survived. Thereafter, the dying man found that the farmer is as poor as a church mouse. He was moved with tears in his eyes, and got down on his kneels for a long time to express gratitude. In the rest of his life, he keeps helping others in need. However, he also tell the farmer the right thing to do, instead of buttering up the farmer for to repay the gratitude.

Thought1: Different way to repay the gratitude get different results

Thought2: you should keep thinking in the right way all the time. Telling the truth and criticizing are alway the best means.

I. Information Retrieval

1. Lemur/Indri

The Lemur Toolkit for Language Modeling and Information Retrieval
http://www.lemurproject.org/
Indri:
实验系统，用于学术研究。

2. Lucene/Nutch

Apache Lucene is a high-performance, full-featured text search engine library written entirely in Java.
Lucene是apache的顶级开源项目，基于Apache 2.0协议，完全用java编写，具有perl, c/c++, dotNet等多个port
http://lucene.apache.org/
http://www.nutch.org/

但官方版本只适合于企业应用，不适合与学术研究实验。

3. CC-CEDICT Chinese-English dictionary

CC-CEDICT is a continuation of the CEDICT project. The objective of the CEDICT project was to create an online, downloadable (as opposed to searchable-only) public-domain Chinese-English dictionary. CEDICT was started by Paul Andrew Denisowski in October 1997. For the most part, the project is modeled on Jim Breen’s highly successful EDICT (Japanese-English dictionary) project and is intended to be a collaborative effort, with users providing entries and corrections to the main file.

在线，并可供下载的中英双语词典，相信可以用于很多双语的项目研究，譬如中英夸语言检索 （Cross-language Retrieval）。

II. Natural Language Processing

1. EGYPT:

A Statistical Machine Translation Toolkit

http://www.clsp.jhu.edu/ws99/projects/mt/
包括GIZA等四个工具

2. GIZA++ (Statistical Machine Translation)

http://www.fjoch.com/GIZA++.html
GIZA++ is an extension of the program GIZA (part of the SMT toolkit EGYPT) which was developed by the Statistical Machine Translation team during the summer workshop in 1999 at the Center for Language and Speech Processing at Johns-Hopkins University (CLSP/JHU). GIZA++ includes a lot of additional features. The extensions of GIZA++ were designed and written by Franz Josef Och.
Franz Josef Och先后在德国Aachen大学，ISI(南加州大学信息科学研究所)和Google工作。GIZA++现已有Windows移植版本，对IBM 的model 1-5有很好支持。

3. PHARAOH (Statistical Machine Translation)

http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/pharaoh/
a beam search decoder for phrase-based statistical machine translation models

4. OpenNLP:

http://opennlp.sourceforge.net/
包括Maxent等20多个工具

btw: 这些SMT的工具还都喜欢用埃及相关的名字命名，像什么GIZA、PHARAOH、Cairo等等。Och在ISI时开发了GIZA++，PHARAOH也是由来自ISI的Philipp Koehn 开发的，关系还真是复杂啊

5. MINIPAR by Dekang Lin (Univ. of Alberta, Canada)

MINIPAR is a broad-coverage parser for the English language. An evaluation with the SUSANNE corpus shows that MINIPAR achieves about 88% precision and 80% recall with respect to dependency relationships. MINIPAR is very efficient, on a Pentium II 300 with 128MB memory, it parses about 300 words per second.
binary填一个表后可以免费下载
http://www.cs.ualberta.ca/~lindek/minipar.htm

6. WordNet

http://wordnet.princeton.edu/
WordNet is an online lexical reference system whose design is inspired by current psycholinguistic theories of human lexical memory. English nouns, verbs, adjectives and adverbs are organized into synonym sets, each representing one underlying lexical concept. Different relations link the synonym sets.
WordNet was developed by the Cognitive Science Laboratory at Princeton University under the direction of Professor George A. Miller (Principal Investigator).
WordNet最新版本是2.1 (for Windows & Unix-like OS)，提供bin, src和doc。
WordNet的在线版本是http://wordnet.princeton.edu/perl/webwn

7. HowNet

http://www.keenage.com/
HowNet is an on-line common-sense knowledge base unveiling inter-conceptual relations and inter-attribute relations of concepts as connoting in lexicons of the Chinese and their English equivalents.
由CAS的Zhendong Dong & Qiang Dong开发，是一个类似于WordNet的东东

8. Statistical Language Modeling Toolkit

http://svr-www.eng.cam.ac.uk/~prc14/toolkit.html
The CMU-Cambridge Statistical Language Modeling toolkit is a suite of UNIX software tools to facilitate the construction and testing of statistical language models.

9. SRI Language Modeling Toolkit

www.speech.sri.com/projects/srilm/
SRILM is a toolkit for building and applying statistical language models (LMs), primarily for use in speech recognition, statistical tagging and segmentation. It has been under development in the SRI Speech Technology and Research Laboratory since 1995.

10. ReWrite Decoder

http://www.isi.edu/licensed-sw/rewrite-decoder/
The ISI ReWrite Decoder Release 1.0.0a by Daniel Marcu and Ulrich Germann. It is a program that translates from one natural languge into another using statistical machine translation.

11. GATE (General Architecture for Text Engineering)

http://gate.ac.uk/
A Java Library for Text Engineering

III. Machine Learning

1. YASMET: Yet Another Small MaxEnt Toolkit (Statistical Machine Learning)

http://www.fjoch.com/YASMET.html
由Franz Josef Och编写。此外，OpenNLP项目里有一个java的MaxEnt工具，使用GIS估计参数，由东北大学的张乐(目前在英国留学)port为C++版本

2. LibSVM

由国立台湾大学(ntu)的Chih-Jen Lin开发，有C++，Java，perl，C#等多个语言版本
http://www.csie.ntu.edu.tw/~cjlin/libsvm/
LIBSVM is an integrated software for support vector classification, (C-SVC, nu-SVC ), regression (epsilon-SVR, nu-SVR) and distribution estimation (one-class SVM ). It supports multi-class classification.

3. SVM Light

由cornell的Thorsten Joachims在dortmund大学时开发，成为LibSVM之后最为有名的SVM软件包。开源，用C语言编写，用于ranking问题
http://svmlight.joachims.org/

4. CLUTO

http://www-users.cs.umn.edu/~karypis/cluto/
a software package for clustering low- and high-dimensional datasets
这个软件包只提供executable/library两种形式，不提供源代码下载

5. CRF++

http://chasen.org/~taku/software/CRF++/
Yet Another CRF toolkit for segmenting/labelling sequential data
CRF(Conditional Random Fields)，由HMM/MEMM发展起来，广泛用于IE、IR、NLP领域

6. SVM Struct

http://www.cs.cornell.edu/People/tj/svm_light/svm_struct.html
同SVM Light，均由cornell的Thorsten Joachims开发。
SVMstruct is a Support Vector Machine (SVM) algorithm for predicting multivariate outputs. It performs supervised learning by approximating a mapping
h: X –> Y
using labeled training examples (x1,y1), …, (xn,yn).
Unlike regular SVMs, however, which consider only univariate predictions like in classification and regression, SVMstruct can predict complex objects y like trees, sequences, or sets. Examples of problems with complex outputs are natural language parsing, sequence alignment in protein homology detection, and markov models for part-of-speech tagging.
SVMstruct can be thought of as an API for implementing different kinds of complex prediction algorithms. Currently, we have implemented the following learning tasks:
SVMmulticlass: Multi-class classification. Learns to predict one of k mutually exclusive classes. This is probably the simplest possible instance of SVMstruct and serves as a tutorial example of how to use the programming interface.
SVMcfg: Learns a weighted context free grammar from examples. Training examples (e.g. for natural language parsing) specify the sentence along with the correct parse tree. The goal is to predict the parse tree of new sentences.
SVMalign: Learning to align sequences. Given examples of how sequence pairs align, the goal is to learn the substitution matrix as well as the insertion and deletion costs of operations so that one can predict alignments of new sequences.
SVMhmm: Learns a Markov model from examples. Training examples (e.g. for part-of-speech tagging) specify the sequence of words along with the correct assignment of tags (i.e. states). The goal is to predict the tag sequences for new sentences.

IV. Misc:

1. Notepad++:

一个开源编辑器，支持C#，perl，CSS等几十种语言的关键字，功能可与新版的UltraEdit，Visual Studio .NET媲美
http://notepad-plus.sourceforge.net

2. WinMerge:

用于文本内容比较，找出不同版本的两个程序的差异
winmerge.sourceforge.net/

3. OpenPerlIDE:

开源的perl编辑器，内置编译、逐行调试功能
open-perl-ide.sourceforge.net/
ps: 论起编辑器偶见过的最好的还是VS .NET了，在每个function前面有+/-号支持expand/collapse，支持区域copy/cut/paste，使用ctrl+ c/ctrl+x/ctrl+v可以一次选取一行，使用ctrl+k+c/ctrl+k+u可以comment/uncomment多行，还有还 有…… Visual Studio .NET is really kool:D

4. Berkeley DB

http://www.sleepycat.com/
Berkeley DB不是一个关系数据库，它被称做是一个嵌入式数据库：对于c/s模型来说，它的client和server共用一个地址空间。由于数据库最初是从文件系 统中发展起来的，它更像是一个key-value pair的字典型数据库。而且数据库文件能够序列化到硬盘中，所以不受内存大小限制。BDB有个子版本Berkeley DB XML，它是一个xml数据库：以xml文件形式存储数据？BDB已被包括microsoft、google、HP、ford、motorola等公司嵌 入到自己的产品中去了
Berkeley DB (libdb) is a programmatic toolkit that provides embedded database support for both traditional and client/server applications. It includes b+tree, queue, extended linear hashing, fixed, and variable-length record access methods, transactions, locking, logging, shared memory caching, database recovery, and replication for highly available systems. DB supports C, C++, Java, PHP, and Perl APIs.
It turns out that at a basic level Berkeley DB is just a very high performance, reliable way of persisting dictionary style data structures – anything where a piece of data can be stored and looked up using a unique key. The key and the value can each be up to 4 gigabytes in length and can consist of anything that can be crammed in to a string of bytes, so what you do with it is completely up to you. The only operations available are “store this value under this key”, “check if this key exists” and “retrieve the value for this key” so conceptually it’s pretty simple – the complicated stuff all happens under the hood.
case study:
Ask Jeeves uses Berkeley DB to provide an easy-to-use tool for searching the Internet.
Microsoft uses Berkeley DB for the Groove collaboration software
AOL uses Berkeley DB for search tool meta-data and other services.
Hitachi uses Berkeley DB in its directory services server product.
Ford uses Berkeley DB to authenticate partners who access Ford’s Web applications.
Hewlett Packard uses Berkeley DB in serveral products, including storage, security and wireless software.
Google uses Berkeley DB High Availability for Google Accounts.
Motorola uses Berkeley DB to track mobile units in its wireless radio network products.

5. LaTeX

LATEX, written as LaTeX in plain text, is a document preparation system for the TeX typesetting program.
It offers programmable desktop publishing features and extensive facilities for automating most aspects of typesetting and desktop publishing, including numbering and cross-referencing, tables and figures, page layout, bibliographies, and much more. LaTeX was originally written in 1984 by Leslie Lamport and has become the dominant method for using TeX—few people write in plain TeX anymore. The current version is LaTeX2ε.
中文套装可以在http://www.ctex.org找到
http://learn.tsinghua.edu.cn:8080/2001315450/comp.html

kile 中文解决方案：soluction 1,  solution 2

6. EditPlus

http://www.editplus.com/
EditPlus is an Internet-ready 32-bit text editor, HTML editor and programmers editor for Windows. While it can serve as a good replacement for Notepad, it also offers many powerful features for Web page authors and programmers.
EditPlus当前最新版本是2.21，BrE和AmE的spell checker需要单独下载安装包安装

7. GVim: Vi IMproved

http://www.vim.org/index.php
Vim is an advanced text editor that seeks to provide the power of the de-facto Unix editor ‘Vi’, with a more complete feature set. It’s useful whether you’re already using vi or using a different editor. Users of Vim 5 should consider upgrading to Vim 6, which is greatly enhanced since Vim 5. Vim is often called a “programmer’s editor,” and so useful for programming that many consider it an entire IDE. It’s not just for programmers, though. Vim is perfect for all kinds of text editing, from composing email to editing configuration files.
普通windows用户可以从这个链接下载 ftp://ftp.vim.org/pub/vim/pc/gvim64.exe

8. Cygwin: GNU + Cygnus + Windows

http://www.cygwin.com/
Cygwin is a Linux-like environment for Windows. It consists of two parts: A DLL (cygwin1.dll) which acts as a Linux API emulation layer providing substantial Linux API functionality. A collection of tools, which provide Linux look and feel.

不过个人认为还是直接用linux 方便，习惯了后，你会感觉无非回到stupid Windows 做研究。

9. MinGW: Minimalistic GNU for Windows

http://www.mingw.org/
MinGW: A collection of freely available and freely distributable Windows specific header files and import libraries combined with GNU toolsets that allow one to produce native Windows programs that do not rely on any 3rd-party C runtime DLLs.
在windows下编译、移植unix/linux平台的软件。cygwin相当于 在windows系统层上模拟了一个POSIX-compliant的layer(库文件是cygwin1.dll)；而mingw则是使用 windows自身的库文件(msvcrt.dll)实现了一些符合POSIX spec的功能，并不是完全POSIX-compliant。mingw其实是cygwin的一个branch，由于它没有实现linux api的模拟层，所以开销要比cygwin低些。

10. CutePDF Writer

http://www.cutepdf.com
Portable Document Format (PDF) is the de facto standard for the secure and reliable distribution and exchange of electronic documents and forms around the world.  CutePDF Writer (formerly CutePDF Printer) is the free version of commercial PDF creation software. CutePDF Writer installs itself as a “printer subsystem”. This enables virtually any Windows applications (must be able to print) to create professional quality PDF documents – with just a push of a button!
比起acrobat来，一大优点就是它是免费的。而且一般word图表、公式的转换效果很好，what you see is what you get，哈哈。可能需要ps2pdf converter，在该站点有链接提供下载

11. R

http://www.r-project.org/
R is a language and environment for statistical computing and graphics. It is a GNU project which is similar to the S language and environment which was developed at Bell Laboratories (formerly AT&T, now Lucent Technologies) by John Chambers and colleagues. R can be considered as a different implementation of S. There are some important differences, but much code written for S runs unaltered under R.
R provides a wide variety of statistical (linear and nonlinear modelling, classical statistical tests, time-series analysis, classification, clustering, …) and graphical techniques, and is highly extensible. The S language is often the vehicle of choice for research in statistical methodology, and R provides an Open Source route to participation in that activity.
One of R’s strengths is the ease with which well-designed publication-quality plots can be produced, including mathematical symbols and formulae where needed. Great care has been taken over the defaults for the minor design choices in graphics, but the user retains full control.
R is available as Free Software under the terms of the Free Software Foundation’s GNU General Public License in source code form. It compiles and runs on a wide variety of UNIX platforms and similar systems (including FreeBSD and Linux), Windows and MacOS.
R统计软件与MatLab类似，都是用在科学计算领域的。不同的是它是开源的东东:)

R画图功能也非常强大，与latex，kile 在ubuntu上完美结合

12. Judy

http://judy.sourceforge.net/
Judy arrays are fast, sometimes even faster than a hash table. And because Judy
arrays are a type of trie, they consume much less memory than hash tables.

Roughly speaking, it is similar to a highly-optimised 256-ary trie data
structure.

13. WGet

GNU Wget is a free software package for retrieving files using HTTP, HTTPS and FTP, the most widely-used Internet protocols. It is a non-interactive commandline tool, so it may easily be called from scripts, cron jobs, terminals without X-Windows support, etc.
http://www.gnu.org/software/wget/wget.html

14. lftp

Excellent command line ftp client tool, which makes you manage your remote files just like in a local terminal.